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General Rules of Grammar

 

1. The Alphabet

A B C D E F G H I J  L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

a b c d e f g h i j  l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z

Pronounciation

Always continental, not english pronounciation.

j   like english y in you.
y  like German ü. He, who can't speak it, say 'e' in "me"

Diphthongs, Ablaut:

ai (like ay)
au (like house)
eu (like oy)
oe (like german ö)
 

2. The Article

There is no article. 

3. Nouns

All nouns have true gender. That is, they are considered neuter unless they refer to things that are actually masculine or feminine (i.e. men or women).

  1. If a noun refers to an object or a material or a person the vowel -u is added.
  2. An abstract noun has the ending -adu.
  3. Every noun may be made plural by adding -i to it.

4. Adjectives

Adjectives may be used to modify nouns or other substantives
Adjectives as attributes are used behind a noun and have no inflection or agreement with the noun.
Adjectives of comparison are expressed by using the adverbs -ora with ca.

Example:

bonora (better)

Sofadu e bonora ca ricadu.  "Wisdom is better than riches."

 

Superlatives are formed with -ima.

Example:

bonima  "best", bonimu  "the best"

 malima "worse",  malimu   "the worst".

5. Adverbs

Adverbs may be formed from Adjectives by adding the suffix -a.

Example:

Adjective: fida  "faithful"  

Adverb:    fida "faithfully"

 

6. Verbs.

  1. There are two types of verbs in Lingua Eurana:

     
    Verbs in -e (Action goes on, not ready)
    Verbs in fa (Action reaches to the following tense)

 

  1. Aktive Voice: -e-
    Tempus Example
    Present Tense face
    Perfect fa face
    Past Tense faceba
    Past Perfect fa faceba
    Future Tense facera
    Past FutureTense fa facera

     

  2. Passive Voice:  -ata
    Tempus Example
    Present Tense shode facata
    Perfect je facata
    Past Tense shodeba facata
    Past Perfect jeba facata
    Future Tense shodera facata
    Past FutureTense jera facata

     

  3. Conditional: -is-
    Tempus Example
    Past Tense facise
    Past Perfect fa facise

     

  4. Aspects, modal forms
    Beginning: esc- (begins to)
    Progression: -ent- (just, now)
    Duration: -ad- (long time)
    Repetition: ri- (again)
    Reference: -esh- (as I've heard, as I was told)

     

  5. Forms of "to be"
    Tempus Indicative Conditional
    Present Tense je jéa
    Perfect fa je
    Past Tense jeba jisa
    Past Perfect fa jeba fa jisa
    Future Tense jera  
    Past FutureTense fa jera  

     

  6. Expression of "to have":  have
  7. Imperative: -é
  8. Participle:
    Active Participle: -enta
    Passive Participle: -ata

7. Pronouns

  1. Personal Pronouns

    - Singular: -u (-é, -ó)

    Person Subject Genetive Indir.Object Direct Object
    1. mu da mu mé mó
    2. tu da tu té tó
    3. su (he, she) da su sé só
    3.masc. isu (he) da isu isé isó
    3.fem. esu (she) da esu esé ésó
    Neutr. hu (it) da hu hé hó

     

    - Plural: -i (-ei, -oi)

    Person Subject Genetive Indir.Object Direct Object
    1. mi da mi mei moi
    2. ti da ti tei toi
    3. li da si sei soi
    3.masc. isi da isi isei isoi
    3.fem. esi da esi esei esoi
    Neutr. hi da si séi hoi

     

  2. Reflexive

    There are the forms: mé, té, sé, mei, tei, sei

    Example: sé lave (to wash oneself)

     

  3. Possessive:

    - Singular: -a

    Person Subject
    1. ma
    2. ta
    3. sa (own) / la (another person)
    Neutr. hua

    - Plural: -ia

    Person Subject
    1. mia
    2. tia
    3. sia (own) / lia (another person)
    Neutr. sia

 

8. Numerals

  1. The Cardinal Numbers.

     

    Figures 0-9 10-19 20-99 100-900
    0 nula 10 deza - - - -
    1 una 11 dezuna - - 100 centa
    2 dua 12 dezodua 20 binta 200 dua centa
    3 tria 12 dezotria 20 trinta 300 tria centa

     

    0 nula

    1 una 10 deza
    2 dua 20 binta
    3 tria 30 trinta
    4 quara 40 quarinta
    5 quina 50 quininta
    6 hexa 60 hexinta
    7 septa 70 septinta
    8 octa 80 octinta
    9 nona 90 noninta

    100 centa 1,000 mila 1,000,000 milona
    1,000,000,000 bilona 1,000,000,000,000 trilona

    b. Mixed numbers are formed by putting numbers together.

    Example: 237, dua centa trinta septa. 1994, mila nona centa noninta quara.

     

  2. The Ordinal Numbers.

    1st prima (1me) 
    2nd sequenta (2nde) 
    3rd dai tria (3tie) 
    4th dai quara (4te) 
    5th dai quina (5te) 
    6th dai hexa (6te)
    7th dai septa (7me)
    8th dai octa (8ve)
    9th dai nona (9ne)
    10th dai deza (10me)

9. Prepositions

a. Prepositions are used before the word they modify.
b. Substantives do not take any special inflection when used with a preposition.

  1. Location: -a
  2. Direction: a + Preposition